Examples and structures of é”— applications in the United States and Japan are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Application examples and structure of é”— (%)
years | Country | application |
optical fiber | Infrared | Detector + semiconductor | catalyst | other |
1985 | United States | 65 | 15 | 10 | - | 10 |
Japan | 17.2 | - | 9.1 | 35.5 | 38.2 |
1996 | United States | 40 | 15 | 15 | 25 | 5 |
Japan | 10.7 | - | 10.7 | 71.4 | 7.2 |
1997 | United States | 40 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 10 |
Japan | 13.3 | - | 13.4 | 66.7 | 6.6 |
1998 | United States | 44 | 11 | 17 | twenty two | 6 |
Japan | | | | (72.4) | |
1999 | United States | 50 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 5 |
Japan | | | | (91.1) | |
2000 | United States | 50 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 5 |
Japan | | | | (84.0) | |
2001 | United States | 50 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 5 |
Japan | | | | | |
1. As an infrared optical material, é”— has a high infrared refractive index, a wide range of infrared transmission wavelength, small absorption coefficient, low dispersion rate, easy processing, flashing and corrosion, etc. It is especially suitable for thermal imagers in military and major civil applications. Window, lens, prism and filter materials for infrared radars and other infrared optical devices; high purity germanium or lithium germanium for astronomical gamma spectrometers, nuclear reaction spectrometers and plasma physics X-rays; Si-Ge 10 and germanium single crystals doped with mercury , cadmium , copper and gallium for infrared detectors.
Second, germanium semiconductor devices are used as diodes, transistors and composite transistors, germanium semiconductor optoelectronic devices for photoelectric, Hall and piezoresistive effects, radiation detectors for photoconductive effects, etc., widely used in sound, color TV, computer Among the telephones and high-frequency equipment, the manifold is especially suitable for high-frequency and high-power devices, and operates normally under strong radiation and -40 °C; Ge-Si and Ge-Te are used for temperature difference power generation for aerospace, satellite and space stations. Start the power supply, etc.
3. Erbium-doped fiber has large capacity, low light loss, low dispersion, long transmission distance and no interference from the environment. It is the only optical fiber that can be used in engineering, and is the main body of optical communication network. It has achieved great development in recent years. 2).
Table 2 Global consumption of optical fiber
years | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
The amount of fiber consumed / (10,000 km·a -1 ) | 510 | 780 | 1100 | 1200 | 1440 | 1869 | 2252～3050 | 2677~3770 | 3260～4590 | 3882～6330 | 4702~ 7880 | 10190 |
The amount of GeCl 4 required for 10,000 km of fiber is 6.8-25 kg for single mode, 34-100 kg for multimode, and needs to be replaced in 15 years. In addition, GeCl 4 is also used in high-speed fiber optic networks, links, fiber optic sensors, fiber-guided and fiber-optic tethering devices.
GeO 2 is a catalyst for producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It has long fibers, and various containers of beverages and edible liquids prepared therefrom are non-toxic, transparent and airtight. It is used in medicine, such as Ge-132 [β-carboxyethyl sesquioxide-(GeCH 2 CH 2 COOH) 2 O 3 ] clinically for the prevention and treatment of cancer. BGO is used for X-ray, CT-meter, and PCT-meter to diagnose tumor and bone structure and tissue necrosis. Antimony compounds and their organic compounds can be used as toothpaste and high-efficiency painkillers.
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